The effect of conservation practices in sloped croplands on soil hydraulic properties and root‐zone moisture dynamics          下载免费PDF全文

Lirong Lin  Jiazhou Chen 《水文研究》2015,29(9):2079-2088

Rain‐induced erosion and short‐term drought are the two factors that limit the productivity of croplands in the red soil region of subtropical China. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of conservation practices on hydraulic properties and root‐zone water dynamics of the soil. A 3‐year experiment was performed on a slope at Xianning. Four treatments were evaluated for their ability to reduce soil erosion and improve soil water conditions. Compared with no practices (CK) and living grass strips (GS), the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) significantly reduced soil crust formation during intense rainfall, whereas rice straw mulching (SM) completely abolished soil crust formation. The SM and PAM treatments improved soil water‐stable aggregates, with a redistribution of micro‐aggregates into macro‐aggregates. PAM and SM significantly increased the soil water‐holding capacity. These practices mitigated the degradation of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) during intense rainfalls. These methods increased soil water storage but with limited effects during heavy rainfalls in the wet period. In contrast, during the dry period, SM had the highest soil water storage, followed by PAM and CK. Grass strips had the lowest soil water storage because of the water uptake during the vigorous grass growth. A slight decline in the soil moisture resulted in a significant decrease in the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ku) of the topsoil. Therefore, the hydraulic conductivity in the field is governed by soil moisture, and the remaining soil moisture is more important than improving soil properties to resist short‐term droughts. As a result, SM is the most effective management practice when compared with PAM and GS, although they all protect the soil hydraulic properties during wet periods. These results suggest that mulching is the best strategy for water management in erosion‐threatened and drought‐threatened red soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Potential seasonal calibration for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction using skeletal microstructures and strontium measurements from the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa          下载免费PDF全文

VINCENT MOUCHI  QUENTIN G. CROWLEY  ANDREW L. JACKSON  FRANK MCDERMOTT  XAVIER MONTEYS  MARC DE RAFÉLIS  JOSÉ LUIS RUEDA  FRANCK LARTAUD 《第四纪科学杂志》2014,29(8):803-814

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无磷条件诱导铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)释放挥发性有机化合物对莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)的影响     

杨王庭  赵静娴  徐庆欢  周律  甘丽平  左照江 《湖泊科学》2018,30(2):449-457

为了揭示磷(P)营养缺乏对蓝藻释放挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的影响及其对其他藻类的化感作用,以形成蓝藻水华的主要种类铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为材料,在无P培养条件下对其释放的VOCs进行分析,同时测定VOCs对莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)生长、光合色素含量和光合性能的影响.结果表明,采用无P培养基培养铜绿微囊藻24 h后,其释放的VOCs种类和含量均明显增加,与标准培养基培养相比,VOCs总释放量增加了73.4%,并出现7种新化合物.将铜绿微囊藻释放的VOCs通入莱茵衣藻溶液中,在标准培养基中铜绿微囊藻释放的VOCs对莱茵衣藻生长无显著影响,而无P条件下释放的VOCs则明显抑制莱茵衣藻生长,其响应指数(RI)为-0.25.此外,莱茵衣藻光合色素含量、光系统II(PSII)最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、有效光化学量子产量[Y(II)]、光化学淬灭系数(q P)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)也明显降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则明显升高,其RI为0.26.由此可见,蓝藻在富营养化水体中大量繁殖以及P自身沉降特性导致的P缺乏会促进蓝藻释放VOCs,同时这些VOCs在保持蓝藻营养竞争优势和水体藻类多样性减少中具有化感抑制作用.  相似文献   

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)次生代谢物对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长及有效量子产率的影响     

方婷轩  马增岭 《湖泊科学》2018,30(3):732-740

浮游植物间的交互化感作用被认为是自然水体中浮游生物群落演替及优势种转换的主要因素之一.铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)是富营养化湖泊中的常见蓝藻,其产毒品系相较非产毒品系具有较高的竞争优势,其产生的主要次生代谢产物微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)通常被认为是重要的化感物质.但是到目前为止其在水生生态系中的生物学功能尚不明确.为探究并区分MC-LR及其他次生代谢产物对浮游植物的化感效应,本文研究了MC-LR与高浓度普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长及有效量子产率的剂量—效应关系;比较了能够产生显著抑制效应的MC-LR、能够产生同等浓度MC-LR的产毒品系铜绿微囊藻滤液以及细胞粗提液对小球藻生长及有效量子产率的抑制效应.结果显示,MC-LR能够对小球藻生长及有效量子产率产生抑制作用,并且抑制率随着MC-LR浓度的增加而增大.在用200μg/L及以上浓度的MC-LR感染24 h后,叶绿素a浓度为1500μg/L的小球藻的生长与有效量子产率均比对照组显著降低.能够产生相同浓度MC-LR的产毒品系铜绿微囊藻细胞滤液对其没有产生显著影响,而其细胞粗提液却能够产生更强的抑制效应.与MCLR处理组相比,粗提液处理组小球藻的生长及有效量子产率分别降低了14%和3%.以上结果表明,MC-LR对普通小球藻的化感作用具有剂量依赖性;MC-LR之外的其他次生代谢物也能够产生抑制效应.  相似文献   

The Control of the Spatial and Temporal Differential Evolution of Boundary Faults on Faulted Basins     

Yuhu Liu  Chunhui Cao  Ruilei Li  Jianfeng Zhu  Wen Xu  Lan Huang  Ying Luan 《地球科学进展》2020,35(1):79-87

The boundary faults of faulted basins generally have segmental growth characteristics. Quantitative analysis of fault growth processes and combined models is of great significance for basin formation and evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation. Taking the Fulongquan fault depression in the southern part of the Songliao Basin as an example, using the 3D seismic data and using the fault-displacement length analysis method, the segmental growth and evolution process of the boundary fault is systematically studied, and the control effect of the spatial and temporal differential evolution of boundary faults on faulted basins is analyzed. The study shows that the segmental growth control of the boundary fault of Fulongquan fault depression forms a series of semi-mantle shoals; the sedimentary center of the Shahezi-Yingcheng fault is controlled to migrate from south to north; The slanting and thrusting activities control the height of the anticline trap; the transformation of the boundary fault property controls the evolution of the basin's tectonic pattern from the tandem semi-mantle to the faulted anticline.  相似文献   

越南中部Kontum地块前寒武纪地壳组成和构造演化     

王方芊  于津海  NGUYEN DinhLuyen  蒋威 《高校地质学报》2020,26(2):161-174

越南中部的Kontum 地块是印支地块中前寒武纪变质岩最重要的出露地区之一。该地块由不同时代不同变质程度的岩石组成。该研究通过对该地区主要变质岩的岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb 年代学分析，探讨了Kontum 地块的物质组成以及其形成的构造背景。岩相学和化学成分分析结果表明，这些基底变质岩主要由变质沉积岩和少量的变质火成岩组成。变质沉积岩的原岩主要是硬砂岩和页岩。锆石U-Pb 定年结果显示，这些沉积岩形成于古元古代晚期到新元古代晚期，并大致可以划分为五期沉积盆地的形成和演化，分别对应岛弧环境、被动大陆边缘环境、活动大陆边缘或大陆弧环境、活动大陆边缘-被动大陆边缘过渡环境和活动大陆边缘的构造背景。二个变质火成岩的原岩分别是拉斑玄武岩和S 型花岗岩，它们分别形成于1424 Ma 和1485 Ma。拉斑玄武岩显示富集Rb、Ba、Sr 等大离子亲石元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti 等高场强元素,符合典型岛弧玄武质岩石的地球化学特征。其锆石的εHf(t)值主要为正值（-1.68~+14.2）， 表明其岩浆起源于亏损的岩石圈地幔。地球化学特征表明其形成于岛弧环境，与第三期沉积沉积作用环境相符。S 型花岗岩具有较高的SiO2、ALK和A/CNK（>1.1），以及中等的稀土含量和中等的Eu 负异常。其原岩岩浆锆石的εHf (t)值变化于+5.97~+12.1，表明源区沉积岩的碎屑主要来自新生地壳。对比显示Kontum 地块与海南岛在中元古代时期很可能曾经相连，在Columbia 超大陆裂解时期处于超大陆的边缘。  相似文献   

云南金平县阿德博独居石矿床成矿时代及地质意义     

王炳华 《地质与勘探》2020,56(3):523-539

西南三江地区是我国重要的成矿区带之一,具有复合叠加成矿特征。阿德博独居石矿床位于云南省金平县境内,印度地块、哀牢山-金沙江断裂带南侧,属于哀牢山隆起的东南延伸部分。该矿床赋存于花岗质风化壳中,岩性主要有片麻状花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗片麻岩;矿体中主要含有独居石,少量磷钇矿、锆石、金红石、钛铁矿、榍石。岩体中片麻状花岗岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为31.40±0.16Ma(MSWD=7.8),二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为34.52±0.22 Ma(MSWD=1.3),表明阿德博岩体形成于新生代古近纪,与三江地区构造体制转换阶段富碱斑岩体的成矿时期一致。片麻状花岗岩中45个锆石Hf同位素数据结果较均一,(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)i比值范围为0.282583～0.282712,平均为0.282633,εHf(t=31.40 Ma)范围为-6.00～-1.44,平均值为-4.21。二长花岗岩中13个锆石Hf同位素数据结果变化范围较大,(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)i=0.282484～0.282814(平均值为0.282681),εHf(t=31.40 Ma)=-9.43～2.22(平均值为-2.45);其中有8粒锆石的εHf(t)为负值,5颗锆石的εHf(t)为正值,暗示岩体的源区主要为地壳物质的部分熔融,可能有地幔物质的混合。  相似文献   

PRESENT KINEMATICS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN YUMUSHAN ACTIVE FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO THE NORTHEASTWARD GROWTH OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU          下载免费PDF全文

CHEN Gan  ZHENG Wen-jun  WANG Xu-long  ZHANG Pei-zhen  XIONG Jian-guo  YU Jin-xing  LIU Xing-wang  BI Hai-yun  LIU Jin-rui  AI Ming 《地震地质》2017,39(5):871-888

Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor, located in the north of Tibetan plateau, are the margin of Tibetan plateau's tectonic deformation and pushing. Its internal deformations and activities can greatly conserve the extension process and characteristics of the Plateau. The research of Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor consequentially plays a significant role in understanding tectonic deformation mechanism of Tibetan plateau. The northern Yumushan Fault, located in the middle of the northern Qilian Shan thrust belt, is a significant component of Qilian Shan thrust belt which divides Yumushan and intramontane basins in Hexi Corridor. Carrying out the research of Yumushan Fault will help explain the kinematics characteristics of the northern Yumushan active fault and its response to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau.Because of limited technology conditions of the time, different research emphases and some other reasons, previous research results differ dramatically. This paper summarizes the last 20 years researches from the perspectives of fault slip rates, paleao-earthquake characteristics and tectonic deformation. Using aerial-photo morphological analysis, field investigation, optical simulated luminescence(OSL)dating of alluvial surfaces and topographic profiles, we calculate the vertical slip rate and strike-slip rate at the typical site in the northern Yumushan Fault, which is(0.55±0.15)mm/a and(0.95±0.11), respectively. On the controversial problems, namely "the Luotuo(Camel)city scarp" and the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake, we use aerial-photo analysis, particular field investigation and typical profile dating. We concluded that "Luotuo city scarp" is the ruin of ancient diversion works rather than the fault scarp of the 180 A.D. Biaoshi earthquake. Combining the topographic profiles of the mountain range with fault characteristics, we believe Yumu Shan is a part of Qilian Shan. The uplift of Yumu Shan is the result of Qilian Shan and Yumu Shan itself pushing northwards. Topographic profile along the crest of the Yumu Shan illustrates the decrease from its center to the tips, which is similar to the vertical slip rates and the height of fault scarp. These show that Yumu Shan is controlled by fault extension and grows laterally and vertically. At present, fault activities are still concentrated near the north foot of Yumu Shan, and the mountain ranges continue to rise since late Cenozoic.  相似文献   

Supraglacial weathering crust dynamics inferred from cryoconite hole hydrology          下载免费PDF全文

Joseph Mitchell Cook  Andy J. Hodson  Tristram D. L. Irvine‐Fynn 《水文研究》2016,30(3):433-446

Water levels in cryoconite holes were monitored at high resolution over a 3‐week period on Austre Brøggerbreen (Svalbard). These data were combined with melt and energy balance modelling, providing insights into the evolution of the glacier's near‐surface hydrology and confirming that the hydrology of the near‐surface, porous ice known as the ‘weathering crust’ is dynamic and analogous to a shallow‐perched aquifer. A positive correlation between radiative forcing of melt and drainage efficiency was found within the weathering crust. This likely resulted from diurnal contraction and dilation of interstitial pore spaces driven by variations in radiative and turbulent fluxes in the surface energy balance, occasionally causing ‘sudden drainage events’. A linear decrease in water levels in cryoconite holes was also observed and attributed to cumulative increases in near‐surface ice porosity over the measurement period. The transport of particulate matter and microbes between cryoconite holes through the porous weathering crust is shown to be dependent upon weathering crust hydraulics and particle size. Cryoconite holes therefore yield an indication of the hydrological dynamics of the weathering crust and provide long‐term storage loci for cryoconite at the glacier surface. This study highlights the importance of the weathering crust as a crucial component of the hydrology, ecology and biogeochemistry of the glacier ecosystem and glacierized regions and demonstrates the utility of cryoconite holes as natural piezometers on glacier surfaces. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

铜藻(Sargassum horneri)在营养限制胁迫后对NH₄-N的超补偿吸收研究     

李大鹏  马增岭  李慧  丁刚  辛美丽  吴海一  郭文 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(4):904-909

以经济马尾藻铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为研究材料,研究了其在营养限制胁迫后对NH_4-N的超补偿吸收情况。实验分营养限制和恢复营养两个阶段进行,每个阶段均设置饥饿处理组、饱和处理组和正常对照组。铜藻在低营养限制胁迫(饥饿)下培养10天后,恢复营养盐培养3天,分别采用次溴酸盐氧化法和锌镉还原法测定培养液中的NH_4-N和NO_3-N的浓度。本文研究发现,饥饿处理组中铜藻吸收氨氮的速率远高于正常对照组和饱和处理组,在恢复培养第一天时,饥饿处理组对NH_4-N的吸收速率最高为14.94μmol/(g·h),与正常对照组及饱和处理组间差异显著。在恢复培养的后两天,三个处理组中铜藻对NH_4-N的吸收速率差异慢慢变小,直至最后几乎相同。三组对NO_3-N没有表现出较高的吸收,最高仅为6.15μmol/(g·h),结果表明:氮源包括NH_4-N和NO_3-N时,铜藻优先选择吸收NH_4-N。实验后称重测定生长速率:对照组、饥饿处理组和饱和组生长率(SGR)分别为8.48%、8.86%、8.01%,ANOVA方差分析表明,三者存在显著差异(P=0.0320.05),从而证实了铜藻也存在超补偿生长的现象。  相似文献